Water-responsive supercontractile polymer films for bioelectronic interfaces.

Connecting different electronic devices is usually straightforward because they have paired, standardized interfaces, in which the shapes and sizes match each other perfectly. Tissue-electronics interfaces, however, cannot be standardized, because tissues are soft1-3 and have arbitrary shapes and sizes4-6. Shape-adaptive wrapping and covering around irregularly sized and shaped objects have been achieved using heat-shrink films because they can contract largely and rapidly when heated7. However, these materials are unsuitable for biological applications because they are usually much harder than tissues and contract at temperatures higher than 90 °C (refs. 8,9). Therefore, it is challenging to prepare stimuli-responsive films with large and rapid contractions for which the stimuli and mechanical properties are compatible with vulnerable tissues and electronic integration processes. Here, inspired by spider silk10-12, we designed water-responsive supercontractile polymer films composed of poly(ethylene oxide) and poly(ethylene glycol)-α-cyclodextrin inclusion complex, which are initially dry, flexible and stable under ambient conditions, contract by more than 50% of their original length within seconds (about 30% per second) after wetting and become soft (about 100 kPa) and stretchable (around 600%) hydrogel thin films thereafter. This supercontraction is attributed to the aligned microporous hierarchical structures of the films, which also facilitate electronic integration. We used this film to fabricate shape-adaptive electrode arrays that simplify the implantation procedure through supercontraction and conformally wrap around nerves, muscles and hearts of different sizes when wetted for in vivo nerve stimulation and electrophysiological signal recording. This study demonstrates that this water-responsive material can play an important part in shaping the next-generation tissue-electronics interfaces as well as broadening the biomedical application of shape-adaptive materials.

Oocyte activation, oolemma piercing, and real-time viability confirmation in human oocytes using electrophysiological techniques.

PURPOSE OF REVIEW: To discuss the recent applications of electrophysiological principles to the optimization and automation of the IVF laboratory. RECENT FINDINGS: There is growing evidence showing improvement of live birth rates following oocyte electro-activation. Novel applications using electrophysiological techniques are now employed to determine oocyte penetration and viability in real-time. SUMMARY: In this short review, we summarize the recent advances in the integration of electrophysiological techniques into the assisted reproductive technology laboratories. We describe the potential clinical applications and their advantages such as creation of reliable automated cell injection systems and novel manual intracytoplasmic sperm injection (ICSI) training platforms. We also discuss theoretical adverse effects and ways to mitigate them.

Advances in the automation of whole-cell patch clamp technology.

Electrophysiology is the study of neural activity in the form of local field potentials, current flow through ion channels, calcium spikes, back propagating action potentials and somatic action potentials, all measurable on a millisecond timescale. Despite great progress in imaging technologies and sensor proteins, none of the currently available tools allow imaging of neural activity on a millisecond timescale and beyond the first few hundreds of microns inside the brain. The patch clamp technique has been an invaluable tool since its inception several decades ago and has generated a wealth of knowledge about the nature of voltage- and ligand-gated ion channels, sub-threshold and supra-threshold activity, and characteristics of action potentials related to higher order functions. Many techniques that evolve to be standardized tools in the biological sciences go through a period of transformation in which they become, at least to some degree, automated, in order to improve reproducibility, throughput and standardization. The patch clamp technique is currently undergoing this transition, and in this review, we will discuss various aspects of this transition, covering advances in automated patch clamp technology both in vitro and in vivo.

Scaling Spike Detection and Sorting for Next-Generation Electrophysiology.

Reliable spike detection and sorting, the process of assigning each detected spike to its originating neuron, are essential steps in the analysis of extracellular electrical recordings from neurons. The volume and complexity of the data from recently developed large-scale, high-density microelectrode arrays and probes, which allow recording from thousands of channels simultaneously, substantially complicate this task conceptually and computationally. This chapter provides a summary and discussion of recently developed methods to tackle these challenges and discusses the important aspect of algorithm validation, and assessment of detection and sorting quality.

Driving the Next Steps with Technology.

Thinking of the progress and future of the field, neuroscientists share how advances in technology pave the way forward for understanding the brain and treating neurological disorders.

The Year in Electrophysiology: Selected Highlights From 2018.

This article is the first in an annual series for the Journal of Cardiothoracic and Vascular Anesthesia. The authors thank the editor-in-chief, Dr. Kaplan, the associate editor-in-chief, Dr. Augoustides, and the editorial board for the opportunity to start this series, namely the research highlights of the year that pertain to electrophysiology in relation to cardiothoracic and vascular anesthesia. This first article focuses on esophageal thermal injury during radiofrequency ablation, perioperative management of patients presenting for ablation procedures, left atrial appendage occlusion devices, and, finally, heart failure diagnostic devices.

Electrophysiology as a theoretical and methodological hub for the neural sciences.

Electrophysiology is a direct measure of neuronal processes, and it is uniquely sensitive to canonical neural operations that underlie emergent psychological operations. These qualities make it well suited for discovery of aberrant neural mechanisms that underlie complicated disease states. This technique is routinely utilized in vitro, in vivo, and in outpatient neurological clinics, offering a translatable bridge between animal models and human patients. The bench-to-bedside potential of this approach is unparalleled, yet it also remains undeveloped due to the slow inertia of legacy techniques and interpretations. In this review, I discuss these strengths of the method, and I detail compelling reasons why future advancements can have a direct and tangible influence over clinical practice. I hope to motivate a blurring of traditional boundaries between preclinical, computational, imaging, and clinical fields by advancing electrophysiology as a common hub for methodological integration and theoretical advancement.

Electrophysiology in the Developing World: Challenges and Opportunities.

As a subset of the growing epidemic of cardiovascular morbidity and mortality in low-income and middle-income countries (LMICs), the significant burdens of heart rhythm disorders also increase. Effective diagnostic and treatment modalities exist, but financial resources and expertise are limited. Cost-effective strategies exist to address most of these limitations, but many surmountable barriers need to be overcome to introduce and improve electrophysiologic care in LMICs. In this article, current and potential solutions are offered for the diagnostic and therapeutic challenges of managing bradyarrhythmias and tachyarrhythmias.

[Towards optical in vivo electrophysiology]. / Vers une électrophysiologie optique in vivo.

Optical imaging of voltage indicators is a promising approach for detecting the activity of neuronal circuits with high spatial and temporal resolution. In this context, genetically encoded voltage indicators, combining genetic targeting and optical readout of transmembrane voltage, represent a technological breaktrough that will without doubt have a major impact in neuroscience. However, so far the existing genetically encoded voltage indicators lacked the capabilities to detect individual action potentials and fast spike trains in live animals. Here, we present a novel indicator allowing high-fidelity imaging of individual spikes and dentritic voltage dynamics in vivo. Used in combination with optogenetics, which allows to manipulate neuronal activity, this opens the possibility of an all-optical electrophysiology.

Corregistro de la actividad eléctrica cerebral y oculomotora: una alternativa para la investigación en dislexia / Simultaneous recording of electrical brain activity and eye movements: an alternative for research into dyslexia

La dislexia es uno de los trastornos del desarrollo más comunes en la etapa escolar y afecta aproximadamente del 5 a 15% de la población. La comprensión en «tiempo real» de un texto requiere del procesamiento de la información visual entrante a través de una compleja serie de fijaciones cortas de la mirada y movimientos sacádicos de los ojos, así como de la recuperación, actualización e integración de los elementos almacenados en la memoria. Esto ha provocado que numerosas investigaciones hayan hecho un gran uso de 2 métodos en particular para su estudio: los potenciales cerebrales relacionados a eventos (PRE) y el rastreo ocular (RO). Sin embargo, los resultados todavía son muy variables y, por tanto, el origen de la dislexia, desde el punto de vista neurobiológico, continúa siendo aún un tema muy debatido. En este trabajo se realiza una revisión exhaustiva de la literatura donde se abordan los hallazgos de los diferentes estudios neurofisiológicos publicados en el tema, así como sus limitaciones. Luego se analiza la factibilidad del registro simultáneo de la actividad eléctrica cerebral y los movimientos oculares mediante la revisión detallada de los aspectos metodológicos a considerar. Por último, se fundamentan las posibles ventajas de este enfoque para los estudios de la lectura, así como sus aplicaciones potenciales en la investigación en dislexia (AU)

Dyslexia is one of the most common developmental disorders at school age and affects approximately 5-15% of the population. Reading is a complex cognitive task and its comprehension requires the processing of visual input across a complex series of brief fixation pauses and saccadic eye movements, as well as retrieving, updating, and integrating contents of memory. This has led to current research making heavy use of two methods: recording eye movement (EMs) and event-related brain potentials (ERPs). However, results are still equivocal, and therefore, the neurobiology of dyslexia remains hotly debated. This paper presents a comprehensive review of the literature in which the findings of different neurophysiological studies published on the subject are addressed, as well as their limitations. The feasibility of simultaneously recording electrical brain activity and eye movements is then analysed by a detailed review of methodological challenges to consider. Finally, the possible benefits of this approach to reading studies and its potential applications in research into dyslexia are described (AU)

Pediatric & Congenital Electrophysiology Society: building an international paediatric electrophysiology organisation.

The Pediatric and Congenital Electrophysiology Society (PACES) is a non-profit organisation comprised of individuals dedicated to improving the care of children and young adults with cardiac rhythm disturbances. Although PACES is a predominantly North American-centric organisation, international members have been a part of PACES for the last two decades. This year, PACES expanded its North American framework into a broadly expansive international role. On 12 May, 2015, paediatric electrophysiology leaders from within the United States of America and Canada met with over 30 international paediatric electrophysiologists from 17 countries and five continents discussing measures to (1) expand PACES' global vision, (2) address ongoing challenges such as limited resource allocation that may be present in developing countries, (3) expand PACES' governance to include international representation, (4) promote joint international sessions at future paediatric EP meetings, and (5) facilitate a global multi-centre research consortium. This meeting marked the inception of a formal international collaborative spirit in PACES. This editorial addresses some solutions to breakdown the continental silos paediatric electrophysiologists have practiced within; however, there remain ongoing limitations, and future discussions will be needed to continue to move the PACES global international vision forward.

Recent progress in multi-electrode spike sorting methods.

In recent years, arrays of extracellular electrodes have been developed and manufactured to record simultaneously from hundreds of electrodes packed with a high density. These recordings should allow neuroscientists to reconstruct the individual activity of the neurons spiking in the vicinity of these electrodes, with the help of signal processing algorithms. Algorithms need to solve a source separation problem, also known as spike sorting. However, these new devices challenge the classical way to do spike sorting. Here we review different methods that have been developed to sort spikes from these large-scale recordings. We describe the common properties of these algorithms, as well as their main differences. Finally, we outline the issues that remain to be solved by future spike sorting algorithms.

Neurografía de alta resolución del plexo lumbosacro en resonancia magnética 3 T / High resolution neurography of the lumbosacral plexus on 3 T magneteic resonance imaging

La neurografía por resonancia magnética se ha convertido en una técnica de imagen complementaria al estudio clínico y electrofisiológico para explorar los nervios periféricos y los plexos braquial y lumbosacro. Este último es asiento de numerosos procesos focales (inflamatorios, traumáticos, tumorales primarios o secundarios) y difusos (polineuropatía diabética, la desmielinizante crónica idiopática, por amiloidosis o la enfermedad de Charcot-Marie-Tooth). El objetivo de este artículo es revisar la anatomía del plexo lumbosacro, describir la técnica de la neurografía del plexo en nuestra institución y mostrar las diversas enfermedades que lo afectan (AU)

Magnetic resonance neurography is a technique that complements clinical and electrophysiological study of the peripheral nerves and brachial and lumbosacral plexuses. Numerous focal processes (inflammatory, traumatic, primary tumors, secondary tumors) and diffuse processes (diabetic polyneuropathy, chronic idiopathic demyelinating polyneuropathy due to amyloidosis or Charcot-Marie-Tooth disease) can involve the lumbosacral plexus. This article reviews the anatomy of the lumbosacral plexus, describes the technique for neurography of the plexus at our institution, and shows the diverse diseases that affect it La neurografía por resonancia magnética se ha convertido en una técnica de imagen complementaria al estudio clínico y electrofisiológico para explorar los nervios periféricos y los plexos braquial y lumbosacro. Este último es asiento de numerosos procesos focales (inflamatorios, traumáticos, tumorales primarios o secundarios) y difusos (polineuropatía diabética, la desmielinizante crónica idiopática, por amiloidosis o la enfermedad de Charcot-Marie-Tooth). El objetivo de este artículo es revisar la anatomía del plexo lumbosacro, describir la técnica de la neurografía del plexo en nuestra institución y mostrar las diversas enfermedades que lo afectan (AU)

New approaches for CMOS-based devices for large-scale neural recording.

Extracellular, large scale in vivo recording of neural activity is mandatory for elucidating the interaction of neurons within large neural networks at the level of their single unit activity. Technological achievements in MEMS-based multichannel electrode arrays offer electrophysiological recording capabilities that go far beyond those of classical wire electrodes. Despite their impressive channel counts, recording systems with modest interconnection overhead have been demonstrated thanks to the hybrid integration of CMOS circuitry for signal preprocessing and data handling. The number of addressable channels is increased even further by a switch matrix for electrode selection co-integrated along the slender probe shafts. When realized by IC fabrication technologies, these probes offer highest recording site densities along the entire shaft length.

Heterogeneidades inducidas en el intervalo QT mediante enfriamiento/calentamiento epicárdico local. Estudio experimental / QT interval heterogeneities induced through local epicardial warming/cooling. An experimental study

Introducción y objetivos. La duración anormal del intervalo QT o su dispersión se han asociado con un incremento en el riesgo de arritmias ventriculares. Se analiza el posible efecto arritmogénico de sus variaciones inducidas mediante enfriamiento y calentamiento local epicárdico. Métodos. En 10 corazones aislados de conejo, se modificó escalonadamente la temperatura de una región epicárdica del ventrículo izquierdo (22 a 42 °C), registrando simultáneamente los electrogramas en dicha zona y en otra del mismo ventrículo. En ritmo sinusal, se determinó el QT y el intervalo de recuperación de la activación y, mediante estimulación programada, la velocidad de conducción y la inducción de arritmias ventriculares. Resultados. En la zona modificada respecto al valor basal (37 °C), el QT se prolongó en hipotermia máxima (195 ± 47 frente a 149 ± 12 ms; p < 0,05) y se acortó en hipertermia (143 ± 18 frente a 152 ± 27 ms; p < 0,05). El intervalo de recuperación de la activación tuvo el mismo comportamiento. La velocidad de conducción disminuyó en hipotermia y aumentó en hipertermia. No hubo cambios en la otra zona. Se observaron respuestas repetitivas en cinco experimentos, pero no se encontró dependencia entre su aparición y las condiciones de hipotermia e hipertermia inducidas (p > 0,34). Conclusiones. En el modelo experimental empleado, las variaciones locales de la temperatura epicárdica modulan el intervalo QT, el intervalo de recuperación de la activación y la velocidad de conducción. Las heterogeneidades inducidas no han favorecido la inducción de arritmias ventriculares (AU)

Introduction and objectives. Abnormal QT interval durations and dispersions have been associated with increased risk of ventricular arrhythmias. The present study examines the possible arrhythmogenic effect of inducing QT interval variations through local epicardial cooling and warming. Methods. In 10 isolated rabbit hearts, the temperatures of epicardial regions of the left ventricle were modified in a stepwise manner (from 22 °C to 42 °C) with simultaneous electrogram recording in these regions and in others of the same ventricle. QT and activation-recovery intervals were determined during sinus rhythm, whereas conduction velocity and ventricular arrhythmia induction were determined during programmed stimulation. This multicenter retrospective study involved patients from the UMBRELLA national registry who underwent replacement due to defibrillator battery depletion. The incidence of ventricular arrhythmias was determined via remote monitoring. Risk factors for sustained ventricular arrhythmia after replacement were analyzed. Results. In the area modified from baseline temperature (37 °C), the QT (standard deviation) was prolonged with maximum hypothermia (195 [47] vs 149 [12] ms; P < .05) and shortened with hyperthermia (143 [18] vs 152 [27] ms; P < .05). The same behavior was displayed for the activation-recovery interval. The conduction velocity decreased with hypothermia and increased with hyperthermia. No changes were seen in the other unmodified area. Repetitive responses were seen in 5 experiments, but no relationship was found between their occurrence and hypothermia or hyperthermia (P > .34). Conclusions. In the experimental model employed, local variations in the epicardial temperature modulate the QT interval, activation-recovery interval, and conduction velocity. Induction of heterogeneities did not promote ventricular arrhythmia occurrence (AU)

Compresión nervio cubital en el canal de Guyón: estudio retrospectivo de 12 casos / Compression of the ulnar nerve in Guyon’s canal: retrospective study of 12 cases

Objetivo: valorar causas y zonas de compresión del nervio cubital en el canal de Guyon. Material y método: se realizó un estudio retrospectivo de 12 pacientes intervenidos de síndrome del túnel cubital con un seguimiento medio de 9 meses. A todos se les practicó un estudio electrofisiológico y se observó si existe relación con la presencia de síndrome de túnel del carpo. Resultados: En solo 3 casos encontramos una etiología clara de la compresión nerviosa. Existe mayor presencia de síndrome de túnel del carpo en aquellos con compresión cubital idiopática pero sin significación estadística. Conclusiones: La mayoría de las compresiones cubitales en la muñeca, bajo nuestra experiencia, son de origen idiopático. Con la cirugía existe mejoría clínica de la sintomatología

Objective: To assess causes and areas of ulnar nerve compression in Guyon's canal Methods: A retrospective study of 12 patients undergoing cubital tunnel syndrome with a mean of 9 months was performed. All we performed an electrophysiological study and found the correlation with the presence of carpal tunnel syndrome. Results: In only 3 cases we found a clear etiology of nerve compression. There is an increased presence of carpal tunnel syndrome in those with idiopathic ulnar compression but without statistical significance. Conclusions: Most of the ulnar compression at the wrist, in our experience, are idiopathic. With surgery there is clinical improvement of symptoms

Electrocardiograma en edad pediátrica / The electrocardiogram in the paediatric age group

El electrocardiograma (ECG) correctamente interpretado aporta importantes informaciones, siendo una prueba fácil y barata de realizar. El ECG continúa siendo el método de elección en el diagnóstico de arritmias. Aunque los principios de electrofisiología cardíaca sean los mismos, en niños existen alteraciones anatómicas y fisiológicas dependientes de la edad que producen cambios específicos en el ECG, que podrán ser interpretados como patológicos. Se pretende con este artículo revisar de forma sistematizada los aspectos más relevantes del ECG pediátrico, proponer un esquema de lectura del ECG y repasar los trazados electrocardiográficos más frecuentemente encontrados en edad pediátrica (AU)

A properly interpreted electrocardiogram (ECG) provides important information and is an inexpensive and easy test to perform. It continues to be the method of choice for the diagnosis of arrhythmias. Although the principles of cardiac electrophysiology are the same, there are anatomical and physiological age-dependent changes which produce specific alterations in the paediatric ECG, and which may be misinterpreted as pathological. The intention of this article is to address in a systematic way the most relevant aspects of the paediatric ECG, to propose a possible reading scheme of the ECG and to review the electrocardiograph tracings most frequently found in the paediatric age group(AU)